What do we mean by the Local Multiplier?
The Local Multiplier occurs when you spend your dollars at a locally owned and independent business instead of a chain store or online giant. Your dollars recirculate through your local economy 2-4 times more than money spent at a non-local company. As your dollars move through your community, the money generates more local wealth, charitable contributions, and jobs.
The exact amount of dollars recirculated by locally owned businesses varies by time, place, and industry. The numbers above represent an average of all Local Multiplier retail studies conducted by Civic Economic.
What causes the Local Multiplier to happen?
We can thank the actions of independent business owners for the Local Multiplier since they spend more of their revenue locally than chain stores and online giants. “Say you spend money at a local pharmacy,” explains local economist and author Michael Shuman. “Its employees then go to the supermarket, which might buy from a local farmer. The more times and the faster a dollar passes between hands without leakage, the more income, wealth, and jobs in a community.”
Who measures the Local Multiplier?
Civic Economics has conducted studies across North America measuring the difference in local economic return between local independents and chain businesses. These studies measure the direct and indirect impacts of spending dollars locally to determine the base level of local economic activity that results from a purchase made at a chain and a local independent business.
Their first study, for the city of Austin, Texas, showed that an independent bookseller and an independent music seller returned more than three times as much money to the local economy as a proposed Borders Books and Music outlet would. Other Civic Economic studies mirrored what was measured in Austin, showing a much greater Local Multiplier for independent businesses than chains. On average, 52.9 percent of each purchase at local independent businesses is recirculated locally, compared to less than 13.6 percent of purchases at chain stores.
The Institute for Local Self-Reliance conducted its own study of the Local Multiplier in several small Maine communities. Their study examined how much of a dollar spent at a local independent store is re-spent in the local area as payroll, goods/services purchased from area businesses, profits spent locally by owners, and as donations to area charities. ISLR’s study found that $100 spent at local independents generated $45 of local spending, compared to $14 for a big-box chain.
Studies
- Alaska
- Albuquerque, NM
- Cape Cod, MA
- Cape Cod, MA Service Providers
- Dane County, WI
- Louisville, KY
- Monadnock Region, NH
- Raleigh, NC
- Upper Valley, NH/VT
- Utah Study Series
- British Columbia, Canada
- Indie Impact Study Series: A National Comparative Survey With The American Booksellers Association
- The Civic Economics of Retail – Ten Years of Studies
- Unfulfilled
Dig into the details
As with many economic impact studies, researchers consider three types of impacts — direct, indirect, and induced.
- A direct impact happens through spending by a business. This spending includes business expenses such as inventory, utilities, and wages.
- An indirect impact measures how much money the first business spends at other area businesses.
- An induced impact includes the spending of income by business owners, employees, and other community members in their local economy. Money received thanks to the spending of that first business.
From Michael Shuman & Kate Poole, “Growing Local Living Economies: A Grassroots Approach to Economic Development” (BALLE, 2012)
The impact of local versus nonlocal spending is demonstrated in the chart below, which traces what happens to $1,000 spent in an economy made up of local businesses versus one made up of nonlocal businesses. Let’s assume that local businesses spend 60 percent of all receipts locally, whereas nonlocal businesses spend 30 percent of their receipts locally.
In a local business economy, the first “round” of consumer spending leaves $600 in the economy. This is then spent, again, on local businesses, leaving $360 in the local economy. So at the end of round two, a total of $960 has been spent locally.
As we follow this into successive rounds, less and less money stays local. By the end of round six, the first $1,000 leads to $1,430 being spent locally. The multiplier from this is thus 1.43.
In the nonlocal economy, the first round of spending leaves $300, half as much as in the local economy. The second round leaves another $90, and so forth. By round six, the total spent is a measly $428. The multiplier is 0.43.
Measuring the Local Multiplier in your community
The Local Multiplier helps Independent Business Alliances (IBAs) make a strong case for their work. A community armed with this powerful local data can use it to make better-informed decisions about where they spend their money. This power includes the spending of citizens as well as local governments and other area institutions.
You may not need to do your own Local Multiplier study since the results are relatively consistent. Awareness of the Local Multiplier Effect has become more mainstream, so your community may already accept these results. However, a Local Multiplier study could be beneficial if you are having trouble making a case for your work.
Carrying out a Local Multiplier study does require a local sponsoring organization to recruit participation from independent storefront retailers. To learn more about working with Civic Economics, download this introduction to the process.
Using Local Multiplier data
“Local purchasing is the backbone of local economic development and, consequently, one of the first major activities of an Independent Business Alliance,” said Shuman. “And the good news is that it’s not difficult to do. The more consumers know, the more they choose local. A Shop Indie Local campaign is a terrific way of building public interest and confidence in a larger vision of a healthy, resilient local economy.”
With any study conducted for your community, ensure the methodology (the explanation of how the authors figured out the results) is clear. Also, ensure your message is easy to remember. Saying, “independent retailers return more than three times as much money per dollar of sales than chain competitors,” is a far more memorable phrase than talking in terms of percentages or comparing $0.53 to $0.14.
Another critical point to make when explaining Local Multiplier study results, $0.53 of each dollar spent at a local independent does not “stay” in the local economy. The Local Multiplier means that local spending generates $0.53 after additional spending cycles in a local economy (see Dig into the Details section).
You can also add, “buying remotely on the web creates almost no local benefit–just a few minutes work for a delivery person.” You can add, “Spending at locally owned businesses generates ripple effects that create more local jobs and wealth.” Calculating the added local wealth generated by a 10% shift to local independents is one tactic successfully employed by several communities. Finally, add a link to your study to offer a way for community members to dig deeper into the data.
From Michael Shuman & Kate Poole, “Growing Local Living Economies: A Grassroots Approach to Economic Development” (BALLE, 2012)
Variations on the theme
The size of the Local Multiplier Effect varies depending on the type of business. Restaurants and service providers generate a large multiplier because they are labor-intensive and, therefore, more business revenue goes to local payroll.
A 2002 study by Civic Economics analyzed the impact of a proposed Borders bookstore compared to two local bookstores in Austin, Texas. Researchers found that $100 spent at Borders would circulate $13 in the Austin economy, while the same $100 spent at the local bookstores would circulate $45.
Why the difference? Unlike Borders, the local bookstores had a high-level management team, used local business services, advertised locally, and enjoyed profits locally. The study suggested that every dollar spent at the local store contributed three times the jobs, income effects, and tax benefits to the local economy.
Unless a business sources an exceptionally high percentage of goods locally, most retailers create a more modest multiplier than restaurants. This figure does not mean restaurants are better for economic development than retail. Many retailers have sizable revenue and professional job opportunities essential to local economies.
It’s helpful to be aware of these differences because the mix of businesses involved in a particular study will influence the results of a Local Multiplier study done for your community.
Written with support from the Resilient Local Economies internship program.